Glossary

Actions taken to reduce the severity or likelihood of a fire, such as clearing vegetation, installing firebreaks, or using fire-resistant building materials. Mitigation is essential in fire prevention and risk management.

The process of deploying firefighting resources and personnel to respond to a fire incident. Mobilization ensures that the appropriate equipment and responders are on-site promptly to combat a fire.

A portable system installed in military aircraft for aerial firefighting. MAFFS units allow planes to drop water or fire retardant over wildfires to assist ground crews.

A term referring to the typical method or pattern of behavior associated with an individual or event. In fire investigations, understanding an arsonist’s modus operandi can help identify repeat offenders and predict future incidents.

The process of extinguishing any remaining flames, embers, or hotspots after the main fire has been suppressed. Mop-up prevents rekindling and ensures the fire is fully contained.

The reason behind an action, especially in cases of intentional fire-setting or arson. Establishing motive is essential in legal proceedings to prove intent and link suspects to the crime.

A system that facilitates collaboration between different agencies responding to a fire or emergency. MAC ensures efficient communication, resource sharing, and strategic alignment in complex incidents.

An arrangement between emergency response agencies to provide assistance and resources during incidents that exceed the capacity of a single organization. These agreements are crucial for large-scale firefighting efforts.

The National Association of Fire Investigators, a professional organization dedicated to promoting fire investigation and prevention through education, certification, and research.

Educational materials, certification programs, and training offered by the National Association of Fire Investigators (NAFI) to support fire investigators in enhancing their skills and knowledge.

The National Fire Protection Association, an international organization that develops and publishes fire safety codes and standards. NFPA guidelines are widely used to enhance fire prevention and safety practices.

The standard outlining the professional qualifications for fire investigators. NFPA 1033 specifies the knowledge and skills required to conduct thorough and effective fire investigations.

A standard that addresses the management and operation of fire protection services, including fire department administration, training, and safety protocols.

Specific NFPA standards related to fire safety practices for boats and marine vessels. These standards outline best practices for preventing and responding to fires on watercraft.

A comprehensive guide for fire and explosion investigations published by the National Fire Protection Association. NFPA 921 is used by fire investigators to standardize investigative techniques and methodologies.

The established criteria outlined in NFPA 921 that guide fire investigators in examining and determining the cause of fires and explosions.

A set of safety standards and regulations developed by the National Fire Protection Association to guide fire safety practices. These codes cover areas such as building design, fire prevention, and firefighting procedures.

The established safety and fire prevention protocols published by the National Fire Protection Association. NFPA standards are used globally to ensure fire safety in various industries and settings.

A U.S. law requiring federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions, including those related to fire management and prevention. NEPA ensures that fire mitigation strategies do not adversely impact the environment.

An institution that provides training and education for fire and emergency services personnel. The National Fire Academy offers courses on fire prevention, investigation, and management.

A system used to evaluate and communicate the risk of wildfires in a specific area. The system considers factors such as fuel moisture, temperature, wind speed, and humidity to assess fire potential.

A U.S. federal agency that conducts research and sets standards in various fields, including fire safety. NIST contributes to the development of fire investigation techniques and fire protection standards.

An interagency group that coordinates national wildfire response and sets standards for training and procedures in wildfire management. It ensures that different firefighting agencies work cohesively.

A landscape feature, such as a river, rocky area, or road, that helps prevent or slow the spread of a fire. Natural barriers are often used in fire management plans to create containment lines.

The failure to take reasonable precautions to prevent fire hazards, which can result in unintended fires. Legal cases involving fire may cite negligence if proper safety measures were not followed.

A flame-resistant material used in protective clothing for firefighters and other emergency personnel. Nomex is known for its durability and ability to withstand high temperatures, providing critical protection in fire situations.

Information and evidence collected that is not directly from the fire scene but supports the investigation, such as surveillance footage, witness statements, and historical weather data. Non-scene data helps provide context for understanding the fire.

A legal document in which an insurance company and the insured party agree that any actions taken during an investigation do not waive rights or obligations under the insurance policy. This is important in fire investigations to ensure all parties retain their legal positions.

A term used to describe materials that do not ignite or burn easily. Noncombustible materials are essential in fire-resistant construction and safety designs.

A type of material that does not burn or contribute to fire spread. Examples include certain metals, bricks, and treated materials used in building construction for added safety.

Substances or materials that do not catch fire easily under normal conditions. Nonflammable materials are important for minimizing fire risk in construction and manufacturing.

The period of the year when wildfires are most likely to occur based on historical weather patterns, vegetation conditions, and fire activity. Understanding the normal fire season helps with preparedness and resource allocation.

An instrument used to measure the distance traveled by a vehicle. In fire investigations involving vehicles, the odometer reading can provide clues about usage prior to a fire event.

A fundamental principle in electrical engineering that states the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit: V=I×RV = I \times RV=I×R (voltage equals current times resistance). Understanding Ohm’s Law is important in determining electrical causes of fires.

The act of burning materials, such as yard waste or refuse, in an open space without a contained structure or fire safety measures. Open burning can lead to unintentional fires if not controlled properly.

A visible flame from a source such as a candle, match, or torch. Open flames can easily ignite combustible materials and are a common ignition source in fire incidents.

The specific time frame during which firefighting activities or emergency operations are planned and executed. Operational periods are typically 12 to 24 hours and include objectives and resource assignments.

A leader within the Incident Command System responsible for overseeing and managing all tactical operations at a fire or emergency scene. The Operations Branch Director ensures that firefighting and suppression efforts align with incident objectives.

The specific location where a fire began. Determining the origin is a critical step in fire investigations to identify potential ignition sources and causes.

The process of determining where and how a fire started. This is a foundational aspect of fire investigation that involves analyzing evidence, fire patterns, and potential ignition sources.

The process of charging a battery beyond its capacity, which can cause overheating, degradation, and potential ignition. Overcharging is a significant risk in lithium-ion batteries and other rechargeable energy sources.

An electrical condition where current exceeds the designed limit of a circuit, leading to overheating and potential fire risks. Overcurrent protection devices, such as circuit breakers, are used to prevent this condition.

Terms describing conditions where an electrical system experiences more current than it can safely handle. This can lead to overheating, damaged wiring, and increased fire risk.

The process of searching for and extinguishing any remaining hot spots or smoldering materials after the main fire has been suppressed. Overhaul prevents rekindling and ensures the fire is fully extinguished.

Personnel who provide support and leadership in a fire incident, including supervisors, coordinators, and command staff. Overhead staff play a crucial role in organizing and managing firefighting operations.

Machinery or appliances that generate excessive heat due to malfunction, wear, or improper use. Overheated equipment is a common ignition source for fires.

Safety features and devices that prevent equipment from reaching temperatures that could cause a fire. These include thermostats, circuit breakers, and thermal cutoffs.

A condition where electrical demand exceeds the system's capacity, causing overheating and potential fire hazards. Overloaded circuits can be prevented by using properly rated electrical equipment and distribution.

Electrical circuits that carry more current than they are designed to handle, leading to overheating and potential ignition of surrounding materials. This is a common cause of electrical fires in homes and businesses.

The upper layer of vegetation in a forest, consisting of the tallest trees. The overstory can influence fire behavior by providing ladder fuels that allow a fire to climb from the ground to the canopy.

A chemical reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen, often releasing energy in the form of heat and light. Oxidation is a fundamental process in combustion and fire behavior.

A compound formed when an element combines with oxygen. Metal oxides, such as iron oxide (rust), can be analyzed in fire investigations to determine exposure to heat and the progression of a fire.

Various compounds made by the reaction of oxygen with other elements. In fire science, oxides can provide clues about combustion processes and the materials involved in a fire.

A gas that supports combustion and is a crucial component of the fire triangle (heat, fuel, and oxygen). The presence of sufficient oxygen is necessary for a fire to ignite and continue burning.

A condition where the concentration of oxygen in the air is too low to sustain life. In fire scenarios, oxygen deficiency can result from rapid combustion and can be hazardous to individuals in the affected area.

Devices used to measure the concentration of oxygen in an environment. In firefighting and fire investigations, oxygen sensors help assess whether a space is safe for entry and whether fire conditions may change.

A form of oxygen (O3) that can form during electrical arcing or lightning strikes. Ozone has a distinct smell and may be present in fire scenes where electrical activity played a role.

Pertaining to or having the properties of ozone. The term can be used in the context of fire scenes involving electrical arcing or reactions that produce ozone as a byproduct.

A physical fitness test used to evaluate the capability of wildland firefighters. The test simulates the physical demands of firefighting to ensure that personnel are prepared for the strenuous tasks required in wildfire response.

Supplies or equipment delivered by parachute, typically during wildfire operations to provide resources to firefighters working in remote areas. Paracargo drops can include food, water, tools, and other essentials.

Fire safety features that do not require activation and work to prevent the spread of fire and smoke, such as fire-resistant walls, doors, and firestops. These systems help maintain structural integrity and allow safe evacuation.

The observable paths and characteristics of how a fire has moved through an area. These patterns help fire investigators determine the origin and behavior of the fire.

The time of year when fire activity is at its highest due to conditions like dry weather, high temperatures, and wind. Knowing the peak fire season is essential for preparedness and resource planning.

Gear worn by firefighters and emergency responders to protect them from heat, flames, smoke, and other hazards. PPE includes helmets, gloves, fire-resistant clothing, and breathing apparatus.

A small, continuous flame used to ignite gas in appliances such as stoves and water heaters. Malfunctioning pilot lights can lead to unintentional gas leaks and fire hazards.

The minimum temperature at which a material will ignite when an external ignition source, such as a spark or flame, is present. This temperature is lower than the auto-ignition temperature.

A protective barrier designed to prevent heat transfer from a hot pipe to surrounding materials, reducing the risk of fire. Pipe heat shields are commonly used in industrial and residential settings.

A synthetic or semi-synthetic material made from polymers that can ignite and burn at varying temperatures. Plastics can produce toxic fumes and contribute to the spread of fire.

Electrical safety devices that protect circuits by breaking the connection when current exceeds safe levels. Faulty or incorrect use of plug fuses can result in electrical fires.

The column of smoke, gas, and particles rising from a fire or explosion. The behavior of a plume, including its height and spread, can provide insights into the intensity and direction of a fire.

The specific location where a fire started. Identifying the point of origin is crucial for fire investigations as it helps determine the ignition source and cause of the fire.

A fire that occurs after a vehicle collision or crash, often due to fuel leakage, damaged electrical systems, or other factors. Post-crash fires can be especially dangerous for occupants and first responders.

The detailed examination of a fire scene after the fire has been extinguished. This analysis includes collecting evidence, documenting damage, and assessing burn patterns to determine the fire’s origin and cause.

A formal review of a building or area following a fire to assess damage, ensure safety, and evaluate structural integrity. Inspections are necessary to determine the next steps for repair, restoration, or demolition.

The process of rebuilding or repairing structures that have been damaged or destroyed by fire. This may involve replacing fire-damaged materials with fire-resistant alternatives and updating fire safety systems.

The rate at which energy is transferred or used, commonly measured in watts or kilowatts. In fire investigations, power analysis can help determine whether electrical faults contributed to ignition.

A flame that occurs when fuel and oxidizer are mixed before ignition, producing a more controlled and even burn. Premixed flames are common in gas appliances and laboratory burners.

The state of being ready to respond effectively to a fire or emergency. Preparedness includes having fire safety plans, training personnel, and maintaining equipment to handle fire incidents promptly.

A planned fire intentionally ignited under controlled conditions to reduce fuel load, manage ecosystems, and decrease the risk of larger, uncontrolled wildfires.

A detailed document outlining the objectives, conditions, and safety measures for conducting a prescribed burn. Burn plans ensure that prescribed fires are carried out safely and effectively.

The act of protecting and maintaining evidence or a scene from tampering or degradation. Preservation is crucial in fire investigations to ensure accurate analysis and documentation.

The force exerted by expanding gases produced during an explosion. Understanding explosive pressure helps assess the impact and damage caused by explosive-related fire incidents.

Actions taken to avoid fire ignition and reduce the risk of fire incidents. Prevention includes fire safety education, regular maintenance, and adherence to fire codes and regulations.

Information or records captured in printed format, such as floor plans, maintenance logs, and emergency response documents. Print data can be valuable for fire investigations and planning.

The routine servicing and inspection of equipment used in industrial production to ensure safety and proper function. Poor maintenance can lead to mechanical failures that may cause fires.

A fire that occurs in the assembly line or manufacturing area of a facility. These fires may be fueled by machinery, flammable materials, or industrial chemicals.

Substances produced when a material burns, including gases, heat, light, smoke, and particulate matter. Understanding combustion products is important for assessing fire hazards and toxic exposure risks.

A large, complex fire that requires extensive coordination, multiple resources, and long-term management efforts. Project fires often span large geographic areas and pose significant challenges to firefighting operations.

A formal document submitted to an insurance company that details the loss or damage claimed by the policyholder, such as after a fire incident. This document is required for the claims process and must include supporting evidence.

A centralized database used by insurance companies to track claims made by policyholders. The PILR helps insurers assess risk and detect potential fraud, including claims related to fire damage.

A fire that occurs in the propulsion system of a vehicle, such as an engine or motor. These fires can result from fuel leaks, electrical malfunctions, or overheating and pose significant risks to passengers and responders.

A designated region where specific fire management and protective measures are implemented to prevent and control fires. Protection areas are often established to safeguard natural resources, structures, and communities.

A set of procedures or guidelines followed during fire response, investigation, or management. Protocols ensure that all actions are conducted systematically and in accordance with best practices for safety and effectiveness.

The primary or immediate reason for the ignition of a fire, which directly leads to its occurrence. Identifying the proximate cause is crucial in fire investigations to determine accountability and liability.

The position that a body can take during exposure to intense heat, characterized by flexed limbs due to muscle contractions. This posture can provide clues about the circumstances and intensity of a fire in investigations involving fatalities.

A hand tool with a combination axe and adze head, used by wildland firefighters for digging fire lines and clearing vegetation. The Pulaski is essential for creating barriers to control and contain wildfires.

A lightbulb that has been deformed or stretched due to exposure to high heat. The appearance of a pulled bulb can help fire investigators determine the heat direction and intensity at a fire scene.

A byproduct produced during the thermal decomposition of materials in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysates can contribute to flammable gas mixtures that lead to fire spread or explosions.

The chemical decomposition of materials due to heat in the absence of oxygen, which produces gases that can ignite and sustain a fire. Pyrolysis is a key process in understanding how fires start and develop.

A psychological condition characterized by an uncontrollable urge to set fires for pleasure or relief from tension. Pyromania is a recognized mental disorder and is often considered in cases of arson.